1. Burn: Caused by excessive depth of cut, insufficient coolant, overly fine abrasive grain size, or excessively hard binder, leading to high temperature in the grinding zone.
2. Clogging and dullness: Inappropriate abrasive selection, improper binder choice, excessively fine grain size, and worn grinding wheel.
3. Chatter marks: Main spindle wear, loose grinding wheel clamping, overly hard grinding wheel, excessively fine grain size, excessive feed rate, grinding wheel runout, uneven structure, or grinding wheel imbalance.
4. Scratches: Large particles in the abrasive, soft grinding wheel.
5. Rapid wheel wear: Caused by excessive feed rate, insufficient coolant, improper selection of abrasives and binder, overly loose binder structure, using wet grinding wheels for dry grinding, or excessively soft wheels.